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  3. Excommunication of King John
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Excommunication of King John

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Hubert Walter

ubert Walter had served under the English Kings Henry II and Richard I. He joined Richard I during the third crusade and arranged the payment of ransom money to free Richard after the king was captured while returning through Austria. In 1193 Hubert Walter became the Archbishop of Canterbury and in 1194 became justiciar of England. This meant he had the highest position in the English Church and controlled the country's finances. This suited Richard I as the king hardly spent any time in England and probably did not speak much of the language. Richard was happy for Walter Hubert to run England's affairs. When King Richard died his brother John became King of England. Continuing in his position as Archbishop under the new monarch Hubert was able to keep the king under control. This ended with Hubert's death in 1205.

Choosing a new Archbishop

When Hubert Walter died a dispute began between King John and the monks of Canterbury. King John wanted John de Grey, the Bishop of Norwich, to have the position but the monks wanted their sub-prior, Reginald to become the new Archbishop. The matter was delayed until December when a mission sent to Rome could consult Pope Innocent III. Reginald himself went as part of the mission and stated that he had been elected by the monks. When King John heard of this he demanded that De Gray should be elected and the monks dutifully did.

The Pope wanted neither John de Grey or Reginald to become Archbishop. Instead, in 1207, the Pope chose a third person, Stephen Langton. When King John heard this he had Stephen Langton banished from England.

Interdict threatened

The response from Pope Innocent III was to threaten to place England under an Interdict. In medieval times this meant that no religious services could be conducted. No marriages, burials, or baptisms could be performed. King John refused to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop and so, in 1208, the Pope served the Interdict on England. For many years the bells of the churches across England were not rung and people were not buried but King John still refused to accept Langton. The Pope then served John with Excommunication. For John this was a serious blow to his ability to rule the country as it absolved the King's subjects from their oaths of alliegance, gave the Barons reason to revolt and allowed the King of France to invade England to remove John from power.

John accepts the Pope's demand

Facing revolt from his own people and an invasion from France King John finally accepted the Pope's demands and let Stephen Langton into the country. The Excommunication was lifted and the French invasion fleet was defeated of the coast of Flanders (now Belgium). King John had survived this terrible episode of his reign, but worse was yet to come.

Episode Events
Episode Events

1205

Jul 13
Hubert Walter dies
Hubert Walter the Archbishop of Canterbury and King John's most important advisor died. ¹
Dec
John forces election of De Gray
When Hubert Walter died a dispute began between King John and the monks of Canterbury over who should become the new Archbishop of Canterbury. King John wanted John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, to have the position but the monks wanted their sub-prior, Reginald. The matter was delayed until December when a mission sent to Rome could consult the Pope. Reginald himself went as part of the mission and stated that he had been elected by the monks. When King John heard of this he demanded that De Gray should be elected and the monks dutifully did. ¹

1206

Dec
The Pope chooses Stephen Langton for Canterbury
Although the monks of Canterbury wanted their own sub-prior for the post of Archbishop and King John wanted John de Gray, Pope Innocent III chose Stephen Langton. Langton was originally from Lincolnshire but after teaching in Paris had moved to Rome where he had become a Cardinal. The monks of Canterbury accepted the Pope's decision and voted Langton in as the new Archbishop. King John did not agree. ¹

1207

...
Stephen Langton becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
Stephen Langton was chosen as Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Innocent III. ¹
Aug
The Pope threatens an Interdict
The Pope threatened King John with the sentence of Interdict unless he accepted Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. An Interdict meant that church services would be banned in England except for baptisms and confessions.  ¹

1208

Mar 24
Interdict served by the Pope
With King John still refusing to accept Langton as Archbishop the Pope served the sentence of Interdict on England. In response King John confiscated church property. Many of the bishops of the great churches in the country fled abroad to the Continent. ¹

1209

...
Langton lands at Dover
Stephen Langton landed at Dover from France to see King John and took the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. John refused to meet with him although John did meet Stephen's brother Simon. ¹
Nov
John excommunicated by the Pope
King John is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III.

1211

Aug 30
Excommunication served
In Northampton the Papal legates Pandulf and a Knight Templar met King John after his return from Wales. They had been sent by Pope Innocent in an attempt to get the English king to see the error of his ways but when they failed they served King John with his excommunication. For John this was a serious blow to his ability to rule the country as it absolved the King's subjects from their oaths of allegiance, gave the Barons reason to revolt and allowed the King of France to invade England to remove John from power. ¹

1212

...
Philippe prepares for an invasion
The Pope's patience had run out and declared he would depose King John if he refused to back down. Pope Innocent wanted King Philippe of France to invade England and take the English throne. The French king began preparations for the invasion.
Nov
John accepts Pope's demands
Taking the advice of William Marshal John accepted the demands of the Pope and that Stephen Langton should become Archbishop. A peace mission was also sent to the Pope. ¹

1213

Mar
John prepares against invasion
At a camp near Canterbury called Barham Down King John mobilized an army against the threat of invasion from the French. He also prepared a navy on the south coast to try and prevent the French landing on English soil.
Spring
French plan invasion
Because King John had been excommunicated by the Pope the French king, Philippe, had the right to invade England and remove John from the throne. Philippe wanted to put his son Louis in John's place. Plans were put forward at the Council of Soissons in early April. The Count of Flanders refused to join the Crusade againt the English so the French king had to overrun his country to ensure France was safe from attack if the invasion of England took place. ¹
May
King John's first act of submission
King John made his first act of submission to the Pope's envoy at Temple Ewell after the papal legate Pandulph asked members of the Knights Templar to arrange the meeting. Temple Ewell was a Templar preceptory located near Dover. ¹
May 30
French fleet defeated
Rather than wait for the French to set sail, King John ordered his fleet to attack the French ships. The English fleet attacked the French fleet at Damme, Flanders near the town and port of Bruges. The French were taken by surprise and many of their ships were captured or destroyed. The French plans of invasion were destroyed. ¹
Jul 20
Excommunication lifted
When King John agreed to meet Stephen Langton at Winchester he was absolved from excommunication. ¹
Sep 26
Pope's envoy arrives in England
Cardinal Nicholas De Romanis arrived in England to prepare for the settlement of the Interdict. John's punishment was to pay 100,000 marks to compensate the church for the losses he had caused it. ¹
Oct 3
Second act of submission
King John appeared at St. Paul's Cathedral in a second act of submission to the Pope. ¹

1214

Jun 29
Interdict lifted
At St. Paul's Cathedral, in London, the Interdict was finally lifted. ¹

Event Participants and Locations

  • John (King of England 1199-1216)
  • Walter, Hubert
  • Langton, Stephen
  • Innocent (III, Pope)
  • Philippe (II Augustus, King of France 1180-1223)
  • Marshal, William (Earl of Pembroke)
  • Canterbury Cathedral
  • Temple Ewell
  • St. Paul's Cathedral
  • Dover
  • Winchester

Related Information

King John

Coronation
May 27, 1199

Reign To
October 18, 1216

Succeeded
Richard I

Preceded
Henry III

Royal House
Plantagenet
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Event Participants and Locations

  • John (King of England 1199-1216)
  • Walter, Hubert
  • Langton, Stephen
  • Innocent (III, Pope)
  • Philippe (II Augustus, King of France 1180-1223)
  • Marshal, William (Earl of Pembroke)
  • Canterbury Cathedral
  • Temple Ewell
  • St. Paul's Cathedral
  • Dover
  • Winchester

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