Explore the White Tower
Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.
A Medieval Mystery
There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.
1: Location
Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.
2: Alignment
Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.
3: Size
Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?
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1276 .. 1300
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Timeline Navigation
Thirteenth Century
Historical events occurring between 1276 and 1300
...
Edward's war with the Welsh begins
Before the main army could be assembled Edward ordered that the Marchers and the smaller permanent forces attached to the royal household were to be sent out in three detachments. Although not much headway was made in the north the south and central districts abandoned their allegiance to Llywelyn. Roger Mortimer was able to force Llywelyn to retreat from Powys northwards. It was soon clear that the only area the Llywelyn had any control over was the north of Wales. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
...
Pedro III becomes king of Aragon
Pedro was known as 'the Great' due to his conquest of Sicily which was added to the domains of Aragon. He reigned for nine years.
Jan
Innocent V was Pope between January and July
Jan
Jul
Adrian V was Pope between July and August
Jul
Adrian was a Genoese. he reigned for just one month.
Sep
John XXI becomes Pope in September
Sep
See Also
...
Construction of Builth Castle
King Edward I ordered improvements to be made to the castle at Builth.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
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Aberystwyth Castle rebuilt
Reconstruction of the castle at Aberystwyth was begun by the English during King Edward I's conflict with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. ¹
...
Nicholas III becomes Pope
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Dafydd granted Ruthin Castle
King Edward I of England granted Ruthin to Dafydd, the brother of Prince Llewelyn ap Gruffudd in return for his help against his brother who have been attacking English interests in the north of Wales. Construction of Ruthin Castle may have begun under the direction of Edward or Dafydd himself.
Jun
Feudal levies
Jun
King Edward I called for feudal levies to be collected to pay for his war against the Welsh prince who had repeatedly refused to pay him homage.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Jul
Construction of Flint Castle begun
Jul
As part of the plans to defeat Llywelyn, King Edward I ordered the construction of Flint Castle in Clwyd. Edward had been impressed by fortified town and castle combinations he had seen on his travels in France and Flint Castle was designed in the same manor. The castle was completed in 1280.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Jul
Edward reaches Worcester
Jul
Joined by a force of some 800 cavalry and 2500 infantry at Worcester, King Edward I moved north to Chester. Edward's forces then proceeded to move along the north coast of Wales. His advance was impeded by dense forest which offered the Welsh good opportunities to launch surprise attacks on the English troops. Edward built a wide road through the forests building fortified posts along the way. The force of soldiers were on a forty-days service agreement and after that some returned home. Edward retained some by paying them extra for their services. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Aug
Reconstruction of Rhuddlan Castle begun
Aug
Leaving work on Flint Castle underway King Edward I moved on up the coast to Rhuddlan where he found the remains of an old Norman Motte and Bailey castle overlooking an important crossing point of the river Clywd. A new castle was ordered and work began to create both the castle and a new town alongside.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Aug 13
Vale Royal Abbey foundation stone laid
Aug 13
Edward and his wife Eleanor of Castile laid the foundation stone of the Cistercian Abbey of Vale Royal in Cheshire. ¹
Nov 10
Edward defeats Llywelyn
Nov 10
Llywelyn was cut off from supplies and an escape route so had to accept defeat. Edward demanded payment of £50,000 and all of Llywelyn's territories. Llywelyn was left only with the Isle of Anglesey which he had to pay rent of £1,000 a year. Edward also demanded that Anglesey should be handed over if Llywelyn died without a male heir. Llywelyn swore fealty to Edward at Rhuddlan on November 10th and again at a ceremony at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Births
Thomas (Earl of Lancaster) (b.1278 - ex.1322)
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Buckland Abbey founded
This Cistercian abbey in Devon was colonised by monks from the abbey on the Isle of White. Amicia de Redvers was responsible for its foundation in memory of her husband and son who had died. ¹
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Many Jews executed
King Edward I raised the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. Many Jews were arrested in London for coin clipping and almost 300 of them were executed for the crime. The practice entailed cutting slivers of metal off coins and forging new coins from the small pieces.
Easter
King Arthur's remains reburied
Easter
King Edward I and Queen Eleanor visited Glasonbury Abbey and ordered that the tomb of King Arthur be opened for their inspection. In a ceremony the remains were taken to the high altar and then reburied. ¹
Oct 13
Llywelyn marries Eleanor
Oct 13
With peace between Edward and Llywelyn, the marriage between Llywelyn and Eleanor de Montfort was allowed to continue. The marriage took place at Worcester and was attended by Edward. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Deaths
Giffard, Walter ( - d.1279)
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Recoinage
King Edward I had new coins minted. (To help fund Welsh campaigns?). The coins were so popular abroad that Edward had to ban any export of coins. Foreign fakes flood England. ¹
Nov
Statute of Mortmain
Nov
King Edward I was concerned that the Church was becoming too wealthy at the expense of the country. To counteract this the Statute of Mortmain stated that land being given to the church must be done by royal approval. Land that had been donated to the Church in the past had reduced the tax revenues for the King.
Nov
Edward takes control of Carmarthan and Cardigan
Nov
To assist in controlling Wales, King Edward took control of the castles at Carmarthan and Cardigan from his brother Edmund, the Duke of Lancaster.
...
South Transept at Rochester Cathedral
Rebuilding work on the South Transept and nave of Rochester Cathedral commenced in 1280. ¹
...
Quilotoa Volcano
This volcano in Ecuador is thought to have erupted around this time. The date may be wrong as weather conditions in Europe in 1275 could have been the effect of this eruption if it had occurred several years earlier.
See Also
3D Virtual Reconstructions
Click to explore
Births
Orhan (Ottoman Sultan) (b.1281 - d.1362)
Deaths
David (son of Alexander III) ( - d.1281)
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Beauchamp Tower at Tower of London built
King Edward I was responsible for the construction of the Beauchamp Tower at the Tower of London on the western side of the curtain wall. It got its name later on in 1397 when Thomas Beauchamp was imprisoned there by Richard II. The three storey tower was large enough to hold not only the captive, but members of his household as well. It has been used to hold other important prisoners since.
...
Martin IV becomes Pope
...
Construction of Denbigh Castle
Another castle was built by King Edward I's master castle builder, James of St. George in North Wales.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
...
Aberystwyth Castle damaged
The Welsh attacked and burnt the castle at Aberystwyth and its town. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
...
Five arches of London Bridge collapse
A very cold winter caused ice and snow to form around the piers of London Bridge. The pressure of the ice caused five arches to collapse. King Edward I made sure that extra taxes were raised from people crossing the bridge to provide for its repairs. ¹
...
Lordship Marcher of Dyffryn Clwyd
When Dafydd ap Gruffyd rebelled against King Edward the Welsh area Dyffryn Clwyd became was granted to Reginald de Grey as a Marcher Lordship. Reginald was granted the castle at Ruthin.
Mar
Hawarden Castle captured by the Welsh
Mar
David ap Gruffydd attacked and took control the castle at Hawarden. The constable, Roger de Clifford, was captured during the attack.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Easter
Another Welsh Uprising
Easter
David, Llywelyn's brother, rose up in revolt. Llywelyn, even though he had sworn fealty to Edward, joined his brother in the fight against the English.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Aug
Feudal levy gather at Rhuddlan
Aug
King Edward had called for the feudal army to gather at Rhuddlan in August to put down the Welsh revolt. Edward and Eleanor's daughter Elizabeth was born at Rhuddlan at this time. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Nov 6
English defeated
Nov 6
Luke de Tany, on the side of the English, had taken control of Anglesey. The plan was attack the Welsh rebels from the north and so a bridge of boats was constructed across the Menai Straits that separate Anglesey from Wales. The Welsh were waiting for the English in force and the English plan failed. Many of the English knights drowned when the boat bridge was destroyed. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Dec 11
Llywelyn killed
Dec 11
Whilst fighting in the south of Wales Llywelyn was killed. He had moved to the rear of his army feeling secure with the way the war was progressing. A detachment of English found a way across the river Wye which Llywelyn was using for protection and moved around the rear of the Welsh army where the Prince was. Before Llywelyn could rejoin his army he was cut down and killed. His head was cut off and taken to the King Edward. Llywelyn's brother David carried on the fight against the English for another six months.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Births
Balliol, Edward (King of Scotland 1332) (b.1283 - d.1364)
Margaret (Maid of Norway) (b.1283 - d.1290)
Deaths
Gruffydd, Dafydd ap (Welsh Prince) ( - d.1283)
Margaret (of Scotland, Queen of Norway) (b.1261 - d.1283)
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Construction of Conwy Castle begun
After capturing Dolwyddelan, Edward moved up the river Conwy to its mouth and a new castle was ordered. The castle's design and size were chosen to prove the royal power of the English King. Construction work lasted until 1297.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
...
Construction of Caernarfon Castle
Edward and his master castle builder started the reconstruction of a new castle at Caernarfon.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
...
Cross of Neith taken by Edward I
In Welsh, the Croes Naid, was believed to be a fragment of the true cross on which Christ was crucified. After the defeat of the Welsh by Edward I, the English King took possession of the relic.
...
Aberconwy Abbey moved
The original abbey's location was not suitable for the construction of a new castle at Conwy by King Edward I, so it was moved with the help of the English king to Maenan further up the river Conwy,
Jan
Dolwyddelan Castle captured
Jan
After the death of Lleweyln Edward was free to occupy all the previous strongholds of the Welsh Princes. In 1283 Edward attacked and captured the Welsh castle at Dolyyddlan.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Mar
Castle Criccieth captured
Mar
Edward moved around the Welsh coast to attack and capture the Welsh castle at Criccieth. He then moved on and ordered another castle to be built at Harlech. In the summer of 1283 King Edward provided money to improved the defences at Criccieth Castle. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Apr
Birth of Margaret, Maid of Norway
Apr
The birth of a daughter called Margaret to Eric, the young Norwegian King, and Margaret, the daughter of Alexander III. Margaret, the child's mother, died during childbirth.
May
Harlech Castle begun
May
Work began on Harlech Castle. Money for the construction being moved from Cymer Abbey a few miles to the south of the new castle's location.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Jun
David of Wales captured
Jun
David the brother of Llywelyn was handed over to the king by his own supporters who had already surrendered. He was taken to Shrewsbury Castle where a Parliament met and sentenced him to death by execution. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Oct 3
Dafydd ap Gruffydd is executed
Oct 3
Dafydd was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. His punishment for betraying the King was to be drawn, hanged and quartered.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
See Also
- Edward (I, King of England 1272-1307)
- James (of St George)
- Gruffydd, Llywelyn ap
- Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286)
- Margaret (of Scotland, Queen of Norway)
- Margaret (Maid of Norway)
- Gruffydd, Dafydd ap (Welsh Prince)
- Conwy Castle / Castell Conwy
- Dolwyddelan Castle
- Caernarfon Castle / Castell Caernarfon
- Aberconwy Abbey
- Harlech Castle
- Criccieth Castle
- Shrewsbury Castle
- Parliament
Births
Edward (II, King of England 1307-1327) (b.1284 - d.1327)
Gaveston, Piers (Earl of Cornwall) (b.1284 - ex.1312)
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Rebuilding work at Aberystwyth
King Edward I ordered reconstruction work at Aberystwyth Castle after it had been burnt and damaged in an earlier Welsh attack. ¹
...
First college at Cambridge University founded
The first college at Cambridge University was founded in connection to St. John's Hospital. It was and still is called Peterhouse and was founded by Hugh de Balsham, bishop of Ely. ¹
Mar
Statute of Wales/Rhuddlan
Mar
After the second Welsh rebellion Edward decided to bring Wales under direct rule. The Statute of Rhuddlan brought English laws to Wales. Edward appointed sheriffs and bailiffs for the northern territories while the southern areas were left under the control of the Marcher Lords.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Apr 25
Edward (II) is born
Apr 25
Edward, the future king of England was born at Caernarfon Castle on the 25th April, 1284. His father was King Edward I and his mother was Eleanor of Castile. The castle was probably still under construction as work on it had only begun the year before.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Jul
'Round Table' event in Nefyn
Jul
King Edward I arranged a 'Round Table' event and tournament at Nefyn in Wales. He promised the Welsh that he would provide them with a Prince of Wales. This he did as in 1284. Edward, the future King Edward II of England, was born. The young prince would be invested as the Prince of Wales in February 1301.
Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
Aug
Death of Alfonso at Windsor
Aug
At the time of his death, Alfonso was heir to the English throne as he was the eldest surviving son of King Edward I and Eleanor of Castile, but at the age of just ten at Windsor Castle he died. This left his four month-old younger brother, Edward, as heir.
Births
Benedict (XII, Pope 1334-1342) (b.1285 - d.1342)
Deaths
Philippe (III, King of France 1270-1285) (b.1243 - d.1285)
...
Honorius IV becomes Pope
...
Alfonso III becomes king of Aragon
After the death of Pedro III, Alfonso became the ruler of Aragon while his brother James became the ruler of Sicily.
May
Welsh relics paraded
May
Several Welsh holy relics were paraded through London in a procession from the Tower of London to Westminster.
May 23
Margat captured by the Moslems
May 23
Margat, the great Crusader castle, fell to the sultan of Egypt, Qalawun, after a siege of around thirty days. The castle's walls were too strong for the mangonels to destroy and so tunnels were dug underneath a tower at one corner. The tower collapsed and when the defenders realised that more tunnels had been constructed they surrendered. The knights inside the castle were allowed to leave with all possessions. ¹
Jun 24
Henry becomes King of Cyprus
Jun 24
Henry II became the King of Cyprus after the death of his elder brother John. ¹
Oct 5
The death of Philippe III
Oct 5
Philippe III, the king of France died at Perpignan at the end of a disastrous attempt to capture Aragon for his son Charles. The battle in which he died was part of a large war known as the War of the Sicilian Vespers forght between the kings of Aragon on one side and Charles of Anjou and the kings of France on the other with the support of the Pope. ¹
Oct 14
Alexander III remarries
Oct 14
Because all of Alexander's sons had died there was a threat that a fight would break out for the Scottish throne. To ensure a smooth transition it was decided that Alexander should remarry. Alexander married Yolande, the youngest daughter of Robert IV, Comte de Dreux in the hope that she would give him a son.
Births
Despenser, Hugh (the younger) (b.1286 - d.1326)
Deaths
Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) (b.1241 - d.1286)
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Edward and Gascony
King Edward I travelled around his duchy of Gascony between 1286 and 1289 rebuilding fortifications and generally bringing order to the region. ¹
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York Minster Chapter-house
Building work on the Chapter-house of York Minster took place until 1296. ¹
...
Edward and Eleanor go to France
King Edward I and his wife Eleanor of Castile travelled to France and were away from England for three years. They went to pay homage to King Philippe IV of France and to attend to other matters.
Mar 19
Alexander III of Scotland dies
Mar 19
Alexander III of Scotland died leaving no male heir. The King died because he ignored advice from his men to not travel in bad weather back from Edinburgh Castle back to see his wife across the Firth of Forth where she was living. The King managed to take the ferry across the river but at midnight disappeared into the dark and was found dead the next day. Margaret the 'Maid of Norway' was next in line for the Scottish throne because her mother was the only one of Alexander's children that had any offspring.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Jun 4
Henry II lands in Acre
Jun 4
The citizens of Acre were concerned with Moslem attacks getting nearer and after the death of Charles of Anjou required a ruler who was nearer. It was recommended to Henry II to travel to teh port. ¹
Aug 15
Henry II becomes King of Jerusalem
Aug 15
Henry II, king of Cyprus was crowned King of Jeruslaem at Tyre. He would be the last ruler before its fall in 1291. Shortly after being crowned, Henry returned to Cyprus. ¹
Feb
A great storm hits the south coast
Feb
A large storm hit the south coast of England. Winchelsea old town which lay on low lying land was totally destroyed by the violent storm.
Jun
Rebellion of Rhys ap Maredudd
Jun
In the summer of 1287, Rhys ap Maredudd, the Lord of Dryslwyn rebelled against King Edward I. Although Rhys ap Maredudd had assisted the English King in the past, he accused Edward of treating him unfairly over taxes. The rebels burned several towns including Swansea and Carmarthen.
Aug
The English invade Wales
Aug
The King replied to the Welsh rebelion by raising an army at Gloucester to be commanded by the Earl of Cornwall. The army besiged Dryslwyn Castle and the siege lasted three weeks before the castle fell after the curtain walls were undermined. Rhys ap Maredudd managed to escape before the castle was captured.
Nov
Fall of Newcastle Emlyn Castle
Nov
After Dryslwyn Castle fell to the English, Rhys ap Maredudd fled to Newcastle Emlyn Castle. The English took their siege engines to the castle and a siege began. The warfare continued over the winter period before the castle finally fell to the English and Rhys ap Maredudd's rebellion was over. Rhys was exiled to Ireland.
...
Lucia arrives in Tripoli
Lucia becomes Princess and Countess of the Crusader state of Tripoli.
Births
Louis (X, The Headstrong, King of France 1314-1316) (b.1289 - d.1316)
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Philippe obtained the area of Quercy
Expanding his territories, Philippe obtained Quercy in exchange for a yearly sum. ¹
...
Norwich Cathedral Chapter-house
...
Judges on trial for corruption
Returning to England after several years away, King Edward found the country suffering from violence and corruption. He had many of the Judges arrested accusing them of accepting bribes. All but two of the accused Judges were found guilty and dismissed from their positions. They also faced large fines.
Aug
Edward returns to England
Aug
Edward and Eleanor return to England after a three year visit to their foreign domains.
Births
Margaret (of Burgundy) (b.1290 - d.1315)
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Quia Emptores
A statute passed by King Edward I putting an end to the practice of sub-infeudations. Sub-infeudation was the practice of tenants who had rented land from a lord sub-letting the land to other people. The problem with this was that it was difficult for the lord to raise taxes because he did not have control over all the people who were renting his land. The Statute allowed land to be sold according to royal approval as long as the new owner answered directly to the lord or the king.
...
Isle of Man
King Edward I took the Isle of Man under his protection.
Jul 18
Treaty of Brigham
Jul 18
The Treaty of Brigham saw agreement for the marriage of Margaret the Maid of Norway to the first Prince of Wales Edward. Margaret was the granddaughter of Alexander III the king of Scotland and was the successor to the Scottish crown. The death of Margaret on the voyage led to disputed succession in Scotland. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Jul 18
Edict of Expulsion
Jul 18
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by King King Edward I forcing all the Jews in England to leave the country. Edward wanted to raise taxes so that he could pay for his Crusade but raising taxes was not popular. To get the approval for his tax from the nobles and knights he promised them that he would get rid of the Jews from England. The Jews were ordered to be gone by the end of October or face death.
Sep
Margaret, 'Maid of Norway' dies on voyage
Sep
Margaret, the 'Maid of Norway', granddaughter of Alexander III and next in line for the Scottish crown was travelling to Scotland when she died on Orkney during the voyage.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Nov 28
Eleanor of Castile dies
Nov 28
Eleanor of Castile, the wife of King Edward I died while travelling in the North with the King. Eleanor had been suffering with illness for some time and the cold and damp of the Winter months probably aggravated her condition. ¹
Dec
The 'Eleanor Crosses'
Dec
As Edward travelled with the body of his wife Eleanor from Harby near Lincoln where the Queen died to Westminster a series of crosses were later erected at each location that the body rested over night. These are known as the 'Eleanor Crosses' ¹
3D Virtual Reconstructions
Click to explore
Deaths
Eleanor (of Provence) (b.1223 - d.1291)
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Beaugency is bought by Philippe
Expanding lands once again, Philippe buys Beaugency. ¹
...
York Minster Nave and West Front
Building work on the Nave and West Front of York Minster took place until 1345. ¹
...
Licence to crenelate at Stokesay
King Edward I granted Lawrence of Ludlow a licence to fortify his manor house at Stokesay.
...
Fall of Acre
The Muslims reclaimed the port of Acre after a siege. Acre was the last refuge for the western crusaders and with the loss of this important port the Crusades had finally come to an end. ¹
...
Floris, Count of Holland claims the Scottish throne
One of many claimants to the Scottish throne was Floris, Count of Holland. He claimed the throne through Ada of Huntingdon, his great-grandmother and sister of William the Lion, King of Scotland. His claim was not taken seriously.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
Robert de Pinkeney claims the Scottish throne
Robert de Pinkeney claimed the Scottish throne through his great-grandmother Marjorie of Huntingdon, the sister of William the Lion, King of Scotland.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
William de Ros cliams the Scottish throne
William de Ros was one of the many claimants to the Scottish throne. His claim was based on his great-grandfather's marriage to Isabella, the daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
Patrick, Earl of March claims the Scottish throne
Patrick, Earl of March claimed the Scottish throne through his great-grandmother, Ada, the illegitimate daughter of King William the Lion of Scotland.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
William de Vesci claims the Scottish throne
William de Vesci's claim to the Scottish throne was through his grandmother Marjory, the daughter of William the Lion.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
Patrick Galythly claims the Scottish throne
Patrick Galythly was the son of Henry Galythly, the son of William king of Scots. The claim was dismissed because his father was an illegitimate child.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
Several more claimants to the Scottish throne
There were more unsuccessful claimants to the Scottish throne including William de Vesci through his grandmother Marjory, the daughter of William the Lion; Patrick Galythly, the son of Henry Galythly, the son of William king of Scots. The claim was dismissed because his father was an illegitimate child; Nicolas de Soulis, who claimed to be the grandson of Marjory, daughter of Allexander II; Roger de Mandeville, through an illegitimate daughter of William the Lion called Aufrica who married William de Say in Ulster; John Comyn Lord of Badenoch, who claimed to be a descendant of Donand Bane; and even Eric King of Norway, the father of Margaret put in a claim to the Scottish throne as hier to his daughter but with little hope of success.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
May 10
Edward I meets Scottish Claimants
May 10
King Edward I met the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham. There were three main claimants to the throne all of whom were descended from David Earl of Huntingdon, the brother of William the Lion who died in 1214. There were many claimants but the three main contenders were John Balliol, Robert Bruce and John Hastings. The decision was delayed until the following year to allow all the facts to be taken into account. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Births
Clement (VI, Pope) (b.1292 - d.1352)
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English and Norman sailor fight
A small scale war breaks out between English and Norman sailors after a Norman sailor is killed in a brawl with an English Sailor. The Normans demand the English sailor is handed over but he is not and in following battles many sailors were killed on both sides. Things escalate and Philippe of France demands Edward pay homage to him as Edward is Duke of Aquitaine, a vassal of the French King. Edward refuses and sends his brother Edmund instead. Edmund agrees with Philippe to surrender Gascony to the French.
...
Carlisle Cathedral damaged by fire
The Cathedral is extensively damaged by fire. ¹
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Rebuilding work at Carlisle Cathedral
Work began on rebuilding the choir, piers and east bay of the cathedral after a damaging fire ¹
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Rebuilding work at Exeter Cathedral
...
Isle of Man surrendered
The Isle of Man was surrendered to John Balliol by the order by King Edward I.
...
Table of Planets
William of Saint-Cloud, a French astronomer drew up a table of the sun and planet observations.
Apr
Death of Pope Nicholas IV
Apr
After the death of Nicholas IV in Rome a period of over two years occurred where the Cardinals could not decide who should become his successor.
Nov 17
John Balliol chosen by Edward I as Scottish King
Nov 17
At Berwick King Edward I declared John Balliol to be the new Scottish King. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Nov 30
John Balliol become King of the Scots
Nov 30
Balliol was crowned at Scone Abbey on St. Andrew's Day.
Deaths
Crundale, Richard (Master) ( - d.1293)
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Wells Cathedral chapter House begun
The Chapter-house and the complicated arrangement of steps leading to them were started in this year and were not completed until around 1310.
...
Philippe obtains Maguellone and Montpellier
Philippe added the bishopric of Maguellone and the east side of Montpellier to his domains. ¹
...
Franciscan Nuns in England
Nuns of St. Clare, also known as Minoresses, were introduced into England following the Franciscan rule.
Mar 25
King Edward at Cambridge Castle
Mar 25
King Edward I stayed two nights at Cambridge Castle. ¹
Births
Charles (IV, the Fair, King of France 1322-1328) (b.1294 - d.1328)
Deaths
Bacon, Roger (b.1214 - d.1294)
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Edward Balliol asks for resources
Edward Balliol arrived in London and asked for men and money for Edward's French war. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
...
Outrage at Philippe's actions
King Edward I concluded a marriage agreement between his son Edward (II) and Philippa, the daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders. Aware of possible dangers of this alliance, Philippe, king of France invited Guy and his wife to Paris where he kidnapped and imprisoned them. Because of the general outrage at this action, Philippe was forced to free Guy and his wife, but to prevent the marriage, Philippa was brought to Paris where she was held as a hostage. She was twelve years old at the time.
...
Commercial treaty with Portugal
Diniz, the Farmer King of Portugal, signs a commercial treaty with England, beginning a sequence of alliances between the two countries.
...
Boniface VIII becomes Pope
...
Celestine V was Pope between July and December
May
Philippe IV confiscates Gascony
May
As part of peace negotiations between England and France it was proposed that King Edward I would marry Blanche of France, the half-sister of Philippe IV, and Philippe would take back Gascony. This was agreed but the French King changed the agreement by replacing Blanche with her younger sister Margaret. This action saw the peace negotiations fail and England and France were again at war with each other.
Qtr 3
Caernarfon Castle attacked
Qtr 3
Madog ap Llywelyn, one of the Welsh rebels, attacked and burnt Caernarfon Castle.
Aug 29
Celestine V elected as Pope
Aug 29
Over two years had elapsed since the old Pope had died before Peter, a hermit who lived up a mountain in a cave, was chosen to replace him.
Sep
Denbigh attacked by the Welsh
Sep
King Edward I need money and men for his war with the French and sent tax collectors into Wales. In response the tax collectors were hung and a rebellion began in the north of Wales led by Morgan. Denbigh Castle and its town were attacked during the Welsh uprising. The rebellion spread to the south of the country, ¹
Oct 30
A Welsh rebellion
Oct 30
Edward needed an army to fight in France and ordered the Welsh to provide men to meet at Shrewsbury. Unwilling to fight abroad, the Welsh took the opportunity to rise up against an English army reduced in numbers due to the problems in France. Edward once again had to fight the Welsh. One of the leaders of this revolt was Madog ap Llywelyn.
Dec 13
Pope Celestine abdicates
Dec 13
By December of 1294 Celestine knew he had made a mistake in becoming Pope and being under the control of King Charles so he abdicated. But little did he know that his decision had been forced by deception. The person who has deceived Celestine was Cardinal Caetani who wanted to become Pope himself. While Celestine slept, the Cardinal used a small pipe that led to his chambers to speak to the troubled Pope in the voice of God warning him to step down from office.
Dec 24
Boniface becomes Pope
Dec 24
The papal conclave to elect the new pope opened on the 23rd of December and within a day the new pope was elected. It was Benedetto Caetani, the same Cardinal that had conspired to remove his predecessor. Caetani chose the name Boniface and became Boniface VIII.
Births
Isabella (of France, Wife of Edward II) (b.1295 - d.1358)
Deaths
Bruce, Robert (Lord of Annandale) ( - d.1295)
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Southwell Cathedral Chapter-house
Jan
Edward besieged at Conwy
Jan
Bad weatther and unusually high tides prevented Edward advancing against the rebels and after spending Christmas at Conwy Castle Edward's attempts to defeat the Welsh were further hampered by losses of supplies to the Welsh. The king held his position at Conwy Castle waiting for improved weather and to receive supplies by sea.
Jan 23
Boniface crowned in Rome
Jan 23
Pope Boniface VIII was crowned in Rome at St. Peter's.
Apr
Construction of Beaumaris Castle begun
Apr
The construction of Beaumaris Castle on Anglesey is begun under the direction of master mason James of St. George.
Apr
Edward occupies Anglesey
Apr
Supplies reached Edward at Conwy castle and he was able to march against the Welsh. By April had occupied Anglesey.
Jun
Celestine arrested
Jun
Pope Boniface saw his predecessor Celestine as a threat and someone who could be elected as an antipope. An order was issues for Celestine's arrest but he had escaped to the woods. Alerted to the danger Celestine tried flee by ship but was forced back and arrested. He lived out the rest of his life in the remote castle of Fumone.
Oct
Treaty Auld Alliance
Oct
John Balliol went to France and arranged the Treaty Auld Alliance (Content ?) ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Nov
The first Model Parliament
Nov
King Edward I called together a parliament consisting of a cross-section of society; the heads of the church, the Barons and members of the burghs. The parliament agreed that a tax could be raised to allow the king to launch attacks on the Scots and the French.
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Edward captures Urquhart Castle
The castle on Loch Ness fell to the English. Sir William Fitz Warine was left in charge of the castle as its Constable. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
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The abbey at Carham destroyed
In a raid across the border, led by William Wallace, the Scots burnt down an abbey of Black Canons at Carham on the river Tweed.
Feb
Conflict between Pope and Kings of France and England
Feb
To help pay for a war with England, the French king Philippe IV, imposed a tax on the wealthy church clergy. In response Pope Boniface issued Bull Clericus Laicos, banning any taxation of the clergy in France and England. In return the French king banned any money leaving France destined for Rome without his permission. In England King Edward called for a law to be passed that removed royal protection from any clergy that refused to pay. This meant anyone could rob the Church and would not be held to account.
Mar 30
Berwick massacre
Mar 30
King Edward ordered his army to attack the badly fortified town of Berwick. Many Scots were killed in the two days of the attack and possibly somewhere between 7000 and 17000 men, women and children were slaughtered.
Apr
Balliol: Renounces homage to England
Apr
In March of 1296 King Edward I had attacked and sacked Berwick. Balliol renounced homage to England. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Apr 27
Battle of Dunbar
Apr 27
John Balliol was defeated at the battle of Dunbar by King Edward I.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Summer
Philippe IV threatens Edward
Summer
Philippe the King of France took the opportunity of Edward's troubles in England to threaten the lands that Edward held in France.
Jul
Balliol: Surrenders at Stracathro, Edward takes the Stone of Scone
Jul
The English had taken many castles and in July 1296 Balliol surrendered to King Edward I and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Edward advanced to Elgin and on his return to England took the Stone of Scone. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Aug
The First Interregnum
Aug
King Edward I created a government for Scotland consisting of John de Warnne, Earl of Surrey as Governor; Hugh de Cressingham as Treasurer; Walter of Agmondesham as Chancellor; William Ormesby as Justicar. This English government was very unpopular and soon the Scots where up in revolt. ¹
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Norwich Cathedral cloisters
Jan
Marriage proposal
Jan
In response to the fear that the King of France would try to take back some of the lands Edward held in France, King Edward I arranged a marriage between his son Edward and Philippa, the daughter of the Count of Flanders, an enemy of the King of France.
Feb
Edward is deserted by the Barons
Feb
Opposed to his plans to invade Flanders and Guienne, the Barons including the Earl of Hereford and the Earl of Norfolk deserted King Edward I. 1500 knights also decided to oppose the plans. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appeared before a large crowd at Westminster Hall and received total loyalty.
Apr 14
Edward appeals for support
Apr 14
Outside Westminster Hall, King Edward I made an appeal for support for the war in France. He apologised for high tax demands he had previously levied. He also asked the Barons to swear allegiance to Edward of Caernarfon, the future Edward II, King of England. He received the support he needed. ¹
Jul
Confederacy formed and destroyed
Jul
In Scotland, a group of nobles form a confederacy (organised by Bishop Wishart of Glasgow), but were defeated at Irvine. An agreement of submission to King Edward I was signed by the future king of the Scots Robert I and other Scottish leaders. ¹
Aug
Confirmation of the Charters
Aug
Before Edward left for his campaign against the French, he was given a list of grievances by the Earls of Hereford and Norfolk. Two charters were the result, the Charter of the Forest and the Magna. The charters were a big defeat for Edward and meant he could no longer levy taxes as he wished without the approval of the Church, Barons, Earls and other free men. Edward sealed the charters whilst at Ghent in November of the same year. ¹
Aug
Edward sails for Flanders
Aug
Leaving an unhappy England behind him, Edward left for France to fight Philippe. ¹
Aug
Louis IX is canonised
Aug
Pope Boniface VIII made King Louis IX of France a saint of the Church twenty-seven years after his death whilst on crusade in the Holy Land. ¹
Sep 11
Battle at Stirling Bridge
Sep 11
William Wallace and Andrew De Moray leaders of the Scottish revolt in the South and North joined forces and defeated the English army led by Surrey at Stirling. The Scots caught the English forces as they crossed a bridge across the Forth. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Winter
Edward I accepts Truce
Winter
A truce proposed by Philippe was accepted by King Edward I.
Deaths
Eleanor (Daughter of Edward I) (b.1269 - d.1298)
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Urquhart Castle captured by the Scots
Sir Andrew de Moray retook the castle from the English.
May
Edward at York
May
King Edward I held a Parliament at York to discuss the situation in Scotland. It wasn't long before an English army was prepared to go into Scotland. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Jul 22
Battle of Falkirk
Jul 22
Edward's army defeated William Wallace. The battle is dominated by the English and Welsh longbows.
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Mar
Edward evades Parliament
Mar
King Edward I was supposed to appear before Parliament at Westminster where the Barons wanted him to abide by rules preventing him levying taxes not agreed upon by the Barons. Edward failed to attend but the Barons tracked him down and forced him to comply.
Jul
Balliol released from the Tower
Jul
King Edward released John Balliol from the Tower of London and placed him into the custody of Pope Boniface to be held in papal residence. This arrangement ended a few years later and Balliol retired to his family's ancestral home in Picardy.
Sep
Edward marries
Sep
King Edward I married Margaret, the sister of King Philippe of France, and his son, Prince Edward, married Philippe's daughter Isabella.
Births
Henry (of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster) (b.1300 - d.1361)
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A Holy Year
Pope Boniface nominated 1300 as a holy year and declared those that visited St. Peter's and confessed their sins would be forgiven. This caused a huge number of people to take a pilgrimage to Rome and equally huge amounts of money to be spent.
May
Edward starts another Scottish campaign
May
After staying briefly at the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, King Edward I travelled north to Carlisle. His son, Edward (II) of Caernarfon remained at the Abbey for a week longer, living as a monk, before following his father. The king ensured his standard had been blessed by every holy relic that the Abbey possessed. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Jul
Caerlaverock Castle siege
Jul
After a short siege lasting only 5 days Caerlaverock Castle fell, the Scots giving King Edward I little resistance. Prince Edward of Caernarfon took control of the rearguard of the English army and apart from a small skirmish, saw no action. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Aug
The Pope Intervenes
Aug
Pope Boniface sent a letter to King Edward I demanding that he should withdraw from Scotland. Edward ignored the letter, but because the campaign was not a success, the English soon left for England anyway. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
Oct 30
Truce with the Scots
Oct 30
Edward arranged a truce and returned to England. ¹
Episode: Edward I and Scotland [highlight all]
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