Explore the White Tower
Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.
A Medieval Mystery
There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.
1: Location
Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.
2: Alignment
Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.
3: Size
Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?
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1401 .. 1425
Please note that the TimeRef website is currently being redesigned.
Timeline Navigation
Fifteenth Century
Historical events occurring between 1401 and 1425
3D Virtual Reconstructions
Click to explore
Deaths
Beauchamp, Thomas (12th earl of Warwick) (b.1339 - d.1401)
Drummond, Annabella (b.1350 - d.1401)
Sawtrey, William ( - d.1401)
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Hotspur takes control in North Wales
King Henry IV gave his son Prince Henry, the future Henry V, the task of defeating Owain Glyndwr in North Wales. As the boy was only 13 years old, Hotspur a knight and jouster of importance was given the role of guardian over the Prince. Hotspur was the son of Henry Percy the Earl of Northumberland. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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De heretico comburendo
The statute called De heretico comburendo was passed by Henry IV allowing heretics to be burnt at the stake. It was forbidden for anyone to translate the Bible into English and illegal to own a copy. ¹
Mar
William Sawtrey is the first Lollard to be burned at the stake
Mar
William Sawtrey was a follower of John Wycliffe.
Jun
Hotspur resigns
Jun
After accusing the king of not paying his army, Hotspur resigned his guardianship of the king's son in North Wales and he left to resume fighting the Scots. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
...
Henry IV assembles an army
The king assembled an army at Shrewsbury Castle in preparation to fight Owain Glyndwr. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Mar
Death of David Stewart
Mar
David, the eldest son of Robert III, King of Scotland, was arrested by his uncle, Robert the duke of Albany and locked up in Falkland Palace where he died in 1402. This led to James I becoming the next king of Scotland.
Jun 22
Battle of Pilleth
Jun 22
Edmund Mortimer's army met Owain Glyndwr at Pilleth near Whitton in central Wales. Mortimer's army was badly defeated and Mortimer was captured. Glyndwr offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom, but Henry IV refused to pay.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Sep 14
Battle of Homildon Hill
Sep 14
The armies of the Percies and the Scots met at Homildon Hill near Wooler in Northumberland. The Scots were defeated and the Scots' leader the Earl of Douglas was captured. Henry IV wanted Douglas handed over but Hotspur refused. Hotspur was angry with the English king who had refused to pay a ransom for Edmund Mortimer who had been captured by Owain Glyndwr and who was a friend of Hotspur's.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Nov
Thomas Duke of Clarence in Ireland
Nov
Thomas of Lancaster, the second son of King Henry IV, was appointed Viceroy of Ireland. As he was only twelve years old a council was appointed to assist his rule.
Births
Charles (VII, King of France 1422-1461) (b.1403 - d.1461)
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Revolt of the Percies
The Percies, led by the Earl of Northumberland and Hotspur announced their intent to revolt against Henry IV. They even promised to free the Scots they had captured at the battle of Homildon if the Scots assisted in the revolt. The plan was to join forces with Owain Glyndwr and support the claim of the young Edmund Mortimer 5th Earl of March to the English throne.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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Abergavenny attacked by Glyndwr
The castle at Abergavenny was attacked and burnt by Owain Glyndwr. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
...
Llansteffan Castle attacked by Glyndwr
The Norman Llansteffan Castle was attacked by Owain Glyndwr. Glyndwr may have held the castle for a short time until it was retaken by Sir John Penress (Pennes).
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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Kidwelly Castle attacked
Owain Glyndwr's forces attacked Kidwelly Castle managing to set fire to the unfinished gatehouse but did not capture the castle. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
...
Weobley Castle attacked
Owain Glyndwr attacked and badly damaged Weobley Castle. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Mar
Prince Henry in command
Mar
Prince Henry, now sixteen, took control of this army in Wales. He took his troops looking for Owain Owain Glyndwr but could not find him and so burnt villages and killed any prisoners that were taken. Henry's main problem, like Hotspur's before him was that the King was not providing enough money to pay the English troops.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Jul 21
Battle of Shrewsbury
Jul 21
Henry IV managed to reach Shrewsbury just before Hotspur arrived and the rebel army had to camp outside the town to the north. The battle lasted all day but it ended when Hotspur was killed.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Aug
Earl of Northumberland surrenders
Aug
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland (Hotspur's father) had not managed to reach Shrewsbury in time to save his son. The Earl surrendered to the King, who accepted and showed the Earl mercy.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Births
Beaufort, Joan (b.1404 - d.1445)
Deaths
Wykeham, William (of) (b.1324 - d.1404)
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Worcester Cathedral north and south cloisters
Construction work began on the north and south cloisters of Worcester Cathedral and continued until 1432. ¹
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Harlech Castle siege
The Welsh captured Harlech Castle and the fortress became the base for Owain Glyndwr's revolt.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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Cardiff sacked by Glyndwr
Owain Glyndwr attacked and captured the town of Cardiff and its castle. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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Aberystwyth falls to the Welsh
Owain Glyndwr captured the town of Aberystwyth and its castle after a lengthy blockade. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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Bangor Cathedral burnt by rebels
Bangor Cathedral was captured by Owain Glyndwr after a siege and destroyed by fire. ¹
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
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Innocent VII becomes Pope
May
Glyndwr's Parliament
May
Owain Glyndwr called a Parliament where he declared himself to be the true 'Prince of Wales'. Embassies from France and Scotland attended the meeting and gave promises to support Glyndwr's plans to overthrow Henry IV.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Sep 27
Death of William of Wykeham
Sep 27
William of Wykeham the Bishop of Winchester died in this year. He was replaced by Henry Beaufort. ¹
Deaths
Wynford, William (b.1360 - d.1405)
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The French invade Wales
The French king, Charles VI, sent a fleet of ships to assist Owain Glyndwr in his revolt against King Henry IV. They landed at Milford Haven and captured Carmathen Castle. Attempts to capured Pembroke Castle failed and they abandoned the invasion.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Feb
Glyndwr's agreement
Feb
Owain Glyndwr, Edmund Mortimer and the Earl of Northumberland combine forces and share the same goal of removing Henry IV. They agreed to divide England and Wales in three, Owain taking Wales and the west of England, the Earl to take the north of England and the north Midlands. Mortimer could have the rest.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Spring
Battles of Grosmont and Usk
Spring
English forces fought and defeated Welsh forces in two battles at Grosmont and Usk. Sir John Talbot defeated Owain Glyndwr at Grosmont and Prince Henry forced the Welsh to flee at Usk. Glyndwr's eldest son was captured at Usk and sent to the Tower of London where he died.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Apr
Scrope's revolt
Apr
Richard Scrope colluded with the Earl of Northumberland to overthrow Henry IV. Scrope was the Archbishop of York.
May
Scrope executed
May
The Archbishop's revolt was crushed with the aid of the Nevilles and the king had him executed.
Summer
Cheng Ho's first voyage
Summer
The first of seven voyages left the central coast of China in the summer of 1405 under the command of Cheng Ho. The amada of ships was huge and the size of the ships equally so.
Births
Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) (b.1406 - d.1455)
Deaths
Robert (III, King of Scotland 1390-1406) ( - d.1406)
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Gregory XII becomes Pope
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London Plague
A great plague took hold in London, killing upwards on 30,000 people.
Mar
James (I) captured by the English
Mar
Robert III of Scotland had fled from the Duke of Albany to Rothesay Castle and had attempted to send his son James to France. English pirates intercepted James and he was sent to London and imprisoned.
Apr
James I of Scotland
Apr
With the death of Robert III, King of the Scots, James I became the new King of Scotland but as he was imprisoned by the English, his uncle Robert, Duke of Albany, acted as Regent until the release of James in 1424. ¹
Apr
Robert III dies
Apr
Robert III, King of Scotland died at Rothesay Castle. His son James, although the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, was not crowned until 1424.
Deaths
Louis (I, Duke of Orleans) ( - d.1407)
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York Minster central tower
Building work on the central tower of York Minster took place until 1423. ¹
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Prince Henry besieges Aberystwyth
Prince Henry laid siege to the castle at Aberystwyth in an attempt to remove the Welsh who had captured it in 1404.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
...
Harlech Castle siege
The English besiege the Welsh in Harlech Castle.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
...
The plague kills thousands
An outburst of plague occurred sometime between 1405 and 1407 and the pestilence was so great that, according to the St. Albans chronicler, in London thirty thousand men and women were reported to have died in a short space of time. Henry IV is thought to have left London to wait for the plague to die out.
Christmas
Severe weather
Christmas
England suffered a long and cold winter with the frost and snow lasting until March. Many birds died from the cold and hunger. ¹
Deaths
Percy, Henry (Earl of Northumberland) ( - d.1408)
Feb
Battle of Bramham Moor
Feb
The end of the Percy's revolt came at the battle of Bramham Moor where the Earl of Northumberland was killed by the Sheriff of Yorkshire.
Autumn
Aberystwyth falls to Henry
Autumn
The Welsh surrender the castle at Aberyswyth. They had held out for a year. Prince Henry had tried destroying the castle with canons but had no success.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Winter
Henry IV very ill
Winter
The King's mysterious illness had resurfaced and he was extremely ill and close to death. Prince Henry was temporarily put in control of the country.
Births
Isabel (of Cambridge, Countess of Wessex) (b.1409 - d.1484)
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Prince Henry Constable of Dover
Prince Henry was given the title of Constable of Dover. ¹
Mar
Harlech falls to the English
Mar
The Welsh in Harlech Castle surrender to the English and the revolt of Welsh comes to an end. Edmund Mortimer was killed.
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Mar 25
Council of Pisa
Mar 25
A general council was held at Pisa to dispose of the two rival Pontiffs who both refused to attend. the council agreed that the two current Popes were guilty of perjury and heresy and that the position of Pope was now vacant. In their place the council chose Petros Philargos who took the name Alexander V. ¹
Jun 26
Alexander V becomes Pope
Jun 26
Alexander V was chosen to the the Pope at the Council of Pisa after the current rival Popes were accused of heresy and dismissed.
Births
Beauchamp, Margaret (of Bletsoe) (b.1410 - d.1482)
Woodville, Richard (1st Earl Rivers) (b.1410 - d.1469)
Deaths
Beaufort, John (1st Earl of Somerset) ( - d.1410)
...
Founding of St. Andrews University.
St. Andrews is the oldest university in Scotland. ¹
...
John XXIII becomes Pope
3D Virtual Reconstructions
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Births
Richard (Duke of York) (b.1411 - d.1460)
Deaths
Herland, Hugh ( - d.1411)
...
Construction of the Guildhall in London
Located at the heart of the City of London, the Guildhall was built by the powerful merchants of London to rival the buildings of royalty. In the Guildhall the merchants held their courts and passed their laws and regulations. ¹
...
Foundation of St. Andrews University
The University of St Andrews was founded by Bishop Wardlaw after being sanctioned in 1413 by a Papal Bull of Pope Benedict XIII. The University was allowed to teach Theology, Canon and Civil Law, Medicine and the Liberal Arts.
Sep 21
Birth of Richard of York
Sep 21
Richard, Duke of York, was born on the 21st of September. His father was Richard, Earl of Cambridge, and his mother was Anne Mortimer.
See Also
Births
Joan (of Arc) (b.1412 - d.1431)
Jan
Joan of Arc born
Jan
Joan is born at Domremy.
Aug
English army sent to France
Aug
Henry IV sent his second son, Thomas, Duke of Clarence to France with an army to assist the Duke of Orleans in the struggle to control the French throne, but the parties involved in the struggle had just signed a peace treaty. Having nothing to do, Thomas took his army south to Guienne where he was appointed Lieutenant. ¹
Deaths
Henry (IV, King of England 1399-1413) (b.1367 - d.1413)
Mar 20
Henry IV dies
Mar 20
Henry IV died in the Palace of Westminster. The mysterious disease he had suffered from for many years had taken its toll. Prince Henry accepted the crown and claimed it. The Earl of March now old enough to rule still had a very good claim of his own.
Apr 9
Henry V crowned
Apr 9
Henry V was crowned at Westminster Abbey. The ceremony was marked by a very bad snow storm but people were unable to decide if this was a bad omen or a good one.
May
Parliament at Westminster
May
Parliament grants tonnage and poundage to Kiing Henry V for four years. ¹
Jun
Henry IV buried at Canterbury Cathedral
Jun
Henry IV was buried at Canterbury Cathedral. ¹
Jun
Henry sends ambassadors to France
Jun
King Henry attempted to build an alliance with John, the Duke of Burgundy who was involved in a power struggle with the Armagnacs for control of France. John was acting as regent due to the poor mental health of the French king, Charles VI. Henry sent an embassy to Paris to discuss terms. ¹
Autumn
Sir John Oldcastle arrested
Autumn
As the leader of the Lollards, the friend of the King was arrested and sent to the Tower of London.
Nov
Talbot sent to the Tower
Nov
Henry V had John Talbot arrested over a land dispute that must have escallated out of control. Talbot was sent to the Tower of London.
Dec
Richard II's body moved
Dec
In an act of respect to Richard II, Henry had the dead king's body moved to its proper resting place in Westminster Abbey.
Deaths
Arundel, Thomas (Archbishop of Canterbury) (b.1353 - d.1414)
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Alien Priories confiscated
Alien priories were those in England who were dependant on usually French mother houses. During the Hundred Years War these priories were seen as a security risk. They also were a means of transferring much needed English money to France. A law was passed confiscating these priories. Many were transferred over to other religious orders.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Jan 9
Lollards arrested
Jan 9
A meeting of the Lollards was stormed by the King's troops and many were arrested and subsequently put to death. Their leader, Sir John Oldcastle, managed to escape capture.
Apr
Parliament at Leicester
Apr
Parliament agreed to give Henry V the money to invade France. Those that opposed the plans included Earl Marshal, Ralph Neville, who believed there was a better chance of subduing Scotland than France. ¹
Summer
Henry claims French territories
Summer
In 1414 France was in the midst of a civil war between the Burgundians and the Armagnacs. While Charles VI, the French king, had joined the Armagnacs, Henry V, the English King, saw an opportunity to reclaim lost lands in France and came in on the side of the Burgundians. Henry's plan was to invade France but he needed a good reason. He gave the French king a list of demands including the French throne, the restoration of the Angevin empire and the hand of the French king's daughter in marriage. If the demands were not be met Henry would go to war. Henry could claim the French throne through a claim first made by his great-grandfather King Edward III that started the Hundred Years War.||In August of 1415, invasion plans were completed and Henry's army met at Portchester Castle where they boarded ships to take them across the English Channel to France.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Nov
John Talbot in Ireland
Nov
Talbot, the Earl of Shrewsbury was sent to Ireland as Lieutenant to subdue the Irish tribes. Talbot was ruthless in his tactics and quickly took control earning himself a reputation. He stayed in Ireland until 1419 when he went to France.
Births
Caxton, William (b.1415 - d.1492)
Jacquetta (of Luxembourg) (b.1415 - d.1472)
Neville, Cecily (Duchess of York) (b.1415 - d.1495)
Deaths
Edward (Duke of York) ( - d.1415)
Glyndwr, Owain (b.1346 - d.1415)
Richard (Earl of Cambridge) ( - d.1415)
...
Moorgate built
Before this year the exit through the London wall to the Moorfields area was through a small postern gate originally built by the Romans. A postern is a small gateway located in a secluded position where residents of the castle could escape in times of siege to either flee or attack the besiegers. It was decided to build a proper gate at the location.
Spring
Preparations for war with France
Spring
As negotiations were underway in France, England was preparing for the invasion of France.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Aug 1
Plot to overthrow the King
Aug 1
Led by Richard Earl of Cambridge, Henry's cousin, a plot to assassinate the King and replace him with the Earl of March who was the true heir to the throne was hatched. The revolt brought together all the old enemies of Henry including Lord Scrope (Archbishop Scrope's nephew) and the Lollards. The Earl of March whose loyalties were with the king informed Henry of the plot the night before and the rebels were arrested. Several were executed.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Aug 11
Henry sails for France
Aug 11
Preparations for war were complete and Henry's army set sail from Southampton for the French coast.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Aug 16
English fleets lands in Normandy
Aug 16
Henry's army landed on the north bank of the Seine estuary near to the town of Harfleur (now part of Le Havre). Henry organised the siege of the town and waited for it to fall.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Sep 22
Harfleur falls to the English
Sep 22
The town held out for five weeks in which time the English soldiers were starting to suffer from disease caught from their camps in the marshes. The people in the town were not doing much better and when it was clear that the town was not going to be rescued, the citizens surrendered. Henry treated the towns people with respect and let them leave.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Oct 8
The march to Calais
Oct 8
Henry's plans for invading France had been dented by the time it took to capture Harfleur and the affect of disease on his men. He decided to move his men to Calais which was under English control.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Oct 19
Henry crosses the Somme
Oct 19
Henry's plan was to get across the Somme at its estuary where it was relatively easy to cross but he received word that the crossing was being guarded by the French. Henry had no other choice but to follow the west bank of the Somme south into French territory to find a suitable crossing point. His men were short of food as Henry had told them to take only a few day's supplies expecting them to reach Calais. Henry finally found a crossing point that was unguarded and his army crossed the Somme.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Oct 25
The Battle of Agincourt
Oct 25
The English army met the French army near the town of Agincourt. Although the English were outnumbered three to one, Henry used the local terrain to his advantage. The French cavalry were hit heavily by the English archers and French knights got bogged down in the wet fields. The French were defeated and Henry ordered that no prisoners should be taken apart from the extremely important knights who could be ransomed. The death toll amongst the French nobility was high.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Nov
Henry returns to England
Nov
After a few weeks recovering in Calais from their ordeal, Henry and the English army returned to England to a hero's welcome.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Deaths
John (Ist Duke of Berry) ( - d.1416)
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Armagnac Fleet blockade Harfleur
A French fleet laid siege to Harfleur, the French port captured by Henry V, and attempted to get it back. Harfleur was defended by Thomas Beaufort, the earl of Exeter.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
...
Katla Volcano Eruption
Eruption of the large Icelandic volcano. ¹
...
Alfonso V of Aragon
Aug 15
Harfleur rescued
Aug 15
An English fleet commanded by John Duke of Bedford attacked and defeated the French blockading the mouth of the Seine who were preventing supplies reaching the English held town of Harfleur. Bedford was the king's brother.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
...
Martin V becomes Pope
Aug
Henry V lands in Normandy
Aug
King Henry began his second French campaign when he and his large army landed at Trouville on the north coast of Normandy.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Aug
Siege of Caen
Aug
Once in France, King Henry appointed his brother the Duke of Clarence as Marshall of his army and together they advanced and laid siege to the city of Caen. Henry's attempt to storm and breach the walls failed, but his brother's attack on the other side of the walled city succeeded and the city fell to the English. It took several more days for the fortified castle within the city to be captured.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Dec 14
Sir John Oldcastle executed
Dec 14
Sir John Oldcastle executed. ¹
Deaths
Beaufort, Henry (Duke of Somerset) (b.1401 - d.1418)
Katherine (of Lancaster) (b.1372 - d.1418)
...
Paris devastated by plague
Within three months, 40,000 people in Paris were killed by the plague. ¹
May
Armagnacs removed from Paris
May
The Burgundians with the help from the citizens of Paris rose up against the Armagnacs who contolled Paris, led by Bernard of Armagnac, the Constable of France. He and many of his followers were killed. John the Fearless, the leader of the Burgundians moved into Paris.
Jul
Siege of Rouen begins
Jul
King Henry was not troubled by any Burgundian attempts to stop his progress and by the end of July had begun the siege of the important city of Rouen.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Dec
Thousands stave to death
Dec
By December so many people in the besiged city of Rouen were starving that as many as 12,000 people were forced to leave. But King Henry refused to let them pass through the his lines and they remained stuck between the English and the walls of the city without food in the freezing weather. Many of them died.
...
Henry the Navigator starts sea exploration
Henry, the Navigator, was a Portuguese prince who set up a school for sea exploration when he became governor of an area in the south of Portugal. His time as governor is seen a s the start of Portugal's important sea exploration tradition. ¹
Episode: The Great Explorers [highlight all]
Jan 19
Rouen surrenders to Henry
Jan 19
The city of Rouen in Normandy surrendered to the English King after a siege of seven months. ¹
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Deaths
Stewart, Robert (Duke of Albany) (b.1340 - d.1420)
May 21
Treaty of Troyes
May 21
In the Treaty of Troyes King Charles VI of France agreed that after his death King Henry V of England and his heirs would become the rulers of France. It was also agreed that the French king's daughter, Catherine of Valois would marry Henry. ¹
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Jun 2
Henry marries
Jun 2
The marriage of King Henry V and Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI king of France, took place and sealed the Treaty of Troyes.
3D Virtual Reconstructions
Click to explore
Births
Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471)
Deaths
Thomas (Duke of Clarence) (b.1389 - d.1421)
Feb 23
Queen Catherine crowned
Feb 23
Queen Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Oct 6
Siege of Meaux begins
Oct 6
King Henry began the siege of the city of Meaux.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Dec 6
Birth of Henry (VI)
Dec 6
Prince Henry (later Henry VI) was born at Windsor.
Deaths
Charles (VI, King of France 1380-1422) (b.1338 - d.1422)
Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422)
May
Meaux falls to the English
May
The French town of Meaux finally fell to the English besiegers. This being Henry's last great victory against the French.
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
May 21
Queen Catherine joins the King in Paris
May 21
Queen Catherine and her young son landed at Harfleur. From there she travelled to Rouen and then to Vincennes where she met her husband King Henry V. Together they travelled on to Paris. It was around this time that the King's health was failing. ¹
Aug 31
Henry V dies
Aug 31
King Henry V had fallen ill during the previous winter and had not recovered during the spring and summer. He died at the age of 34 in Bios de Vincennes in France on August 31st and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Sep 1
Henry VI becomes king
Sep 1
Henry VI became king of England upon the death of his father. Henry was less than one year old when his father died and so England was governed by a number of protectors. These included Henry V's brothers, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, along with Henry Beaufort the bishop of Winchester.
Oct 21
Charles VI of France dies
Oct 21
Charles VI of France died and was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry VI of England was proclaimed king of France and John Duke of Bedford was appointed regent. ¹
Episode: Henry V - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Nov 11
Henry's body returned to London
Nov 11
The lead coffin containing the body of King Henry V travelled to Calais and across the Channel to Dover. It passed through Canterbury and Rochester and arrived in London for burial in Westminster Abbey. The body was buried within the shrine of Edward the Confessor. ¹
...
Canterbury South West Tower building work
Canterbury South West Tower building work by Thomas Mapilton. ¹
...
Battle of Cravant in France
English defeat the French at Cravant ¹
Episode: Henry VI and Joan of Arc [highlight all]
...
Clement VIII becomes the Antipope
...
Council of Siena
The Council of Pavia, northern Italy, was transferred to Siena further south due to an outbreak of the plague. It was part of efforts to reform the Church but ended in failure.
...
Hever Castle sold
Hever Castle was sold to Sir Roger Fiennes. It then passed to his brother James.
Dec
Treaty of London
Dec
Treaty allowing James I, of Scotland to be freed from his prison where he had been for eighteen years and return to Scotland and become King.
...
Battle of Verneuil
The English defeat the French at Verneuil ¹
Episode: Henry VI and Joan of Arc [highlight all]
Mar 28
Treaty of Durham
Mar 28
At the Treaty of Durham, James I of Scotland was released from his captivity allowing him to return to Scotland and claim the throne. Note: This appears to be the second treaty allowing his release, so need to understand why there were two, ¹
May
James I crowned
May
James I, King of Scotland was crowned at Scone Abbey.
Births
Neville, Cecily (Duchess of Warwick) (b.1425 - d.1450)
Deaths
Mortimer, Edmund (5th Earl of March) (b.1391 - d.1425)
Neville, Ralph (Earl of Westmorland, Earl Marshal) (b.1364 - d.1425)
...
Wells Cathedral North-west Tower
The North-west tower of Wells Cathedral was constructed during this time. ¹
...
Benedict XIV becomes the Antipope
...
John VIII becomes Byzantine Emperor
May 24
Stirling Castle executions
May 24
When James I returned to Scotland and take the thone he found that the country was in a poor state of affairs. There were many barons who had used the time of his imprisonment to further their own ambitions rather than to protect Scotland and it's people. These included Murdoch Stewart and his sons, Walter and Alexander. Murdoch had been acting as regent since the death of his father, Robert Duke of Albany in 1420. King James had Walter, Alexander and finally Murdoch arrested and executed at Stirling Castle.
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