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Dover

list of events occurring in or near Dover.

Dover Castle

over Castle is situated at the shortest sea crossing of English Channel. This has made it one of the most important defensive sites in Britain. The site dates back to the Iron Age and has a Roman lighthouse and an Anglo-Saxon church. As soon as William the Conqueror landed in England he made sure that he had control of the castle at Dover. King Henry II added much of the defences now visible at the site including the keep which was built between 1170 and 1180. The keep which still stands is surrounded by a double ring of walls and consists of three floors and walls that vary between 17 and 21 feet thick. Several small rooms are built into the thickness of the walls. The keep has three staircase, one in the forebuilding and the other two in opposite corners.

In 1216 Dover Castle was besieged by Prince Louis of France. King John left Hubert de Burgh in charge at Dover and even though the French managed to breach the defences by undermining the north gate, de Burgh's forces beat back the attack and Prince Louis called a truce. The truce was short lived as John died soon after and Louis again attempted to take the castle. Louis was eventually defeated by Hubert de Burgh.

Hubert de Burgh with King Henry III's backing rebuilt the damaged castle removing areas of weakness that had been exposed during the siege. This included the construction of an inner wall around the keep.

Of interest now are the newly opened 'Secret War Tunnels' that were dug into the white cliffs of Dover and used during World War II as a hospital and for strategic planning. Recently English Heritage has decorated the inside of the keep to show how it may have looked in medieval times.

Temple Ewell

One of the preceptories that were owned by the Knights Templar. The site was donated by William de Peverall, the constable of Dover. It is situated around 3 miles to the north west of Dover. In 1213 the preceptory was the location of a meeting between King John and the papal legate Pandulph.


Timeline

1051
Sep
Edward expels the Godwin family

An incident occurred when Eustace II Count of Boulogne visited Edward the Confessor, his brother-in-law. The incident occurred in Dover where a fight broke out between the Norman visitors and the locals resulting in the deaths of several people. The area of Dover was under the control of the Godwin family and Edward the Confessor, who blamed the people of Dover for the fight, told Earl Godwin to deal with them. Godwin refused to obey Edward's order and in response Edward raised an army and forced the Godwin family into exile.

1066
Nov (to Dec)
William advances to London

After his victory at the battle of Hastings William moved along the south coast to Dover where extra fortifications were built in the existing castle at the top of the cliffs. From there he moved on to Canterbury. After the death of King Harold the archbishops of York and Canterbury, Ealdred and Stigand supported the plan to put Edgar the Atheling on the English throne but William moved too quickly for this to be done and Edgar was too young and inexperienced to take on the role. Canterbury submitted to William and he moved on to London. Instead of entering London from the south he moved around the west of the city crossing the Thames at Wallingford. Finally archbishop Stigand and the other Anglo-Saxon leaders submitted to William and after turning south at Little Berkhamsted William the Conqueror entered London.

1154
Oct 25
King Stephen dies

While staying in Dover, King Stephen suddenly became ill and died. He had agreed that Matilda's son Henry should become King upon his death. Henry was in Normandy at the time.

1156
...
King Henry captures Anjou

King Henry II left England via Dover and sailed back across the Channel to the Continent. There he captured Maribeau and Chinon in Anjou. The area would remain in English hands until it was regained by the French in 1205 from King John.

1168
(to 1188)
Reconstruction of Dover Castle

King Henry II ordered the reconstruction of Dover Castle. The work would continue for twenty years and at the end of it, a brand new keep had been built, along with the outer walls of the inner bailey and sections of the outer wall.

1189
Dec
King Richard sails from Dover

Richard set sail with his crusading army from Dover Castle at the end of the year. To ensure he had the allegiance of his younger brother John, Richard had bestowed upon him the title count of Mortain and had approved John's marriage to their cousin Isabelle. But Richard did not nominate John as his heir.  [1]

1191
Sep
Geoffrey Plantagenet lands at Dover

Geoffrey, the illegitimate son of King Henry II and half-brother to Richard and John landed secretly at Dover. He had been consecrated as the new archbishop of York while in Tours and his return was banned by William Longchamp. Several days after he arrived he was arrested. Citing the Winchester treaty, John sought another meeting between himself and Longchamp. This was agreed and the two were to meet at Loddon bridge near Reading. Geoffrey was freed, but Longchamp decided to flee and headed to Dover Castle.

1203
Sep 26
Dover Castle handed to William of Huntingfield

With events going badly in France for King John, the threat of invasion was a real possibility. To help prevent that John ordered Dover Castle to be handed over to William of Huntingfield who should defend it against attack. To ensure he did so, William's son and daughter were taken hostage and were not to be released until the castle was safely returned in person to the King or Hubert de Burgh. [2]

1209
...
Langton lands at Dover

Stephen Langton landed at Dover from France to see King John and took the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. John refused to meet with him although John did meet Stephen's brother Simon. [3]

1213
May
King John's first act of submission

King John made his first act of submission to the Pope's envoy at Temple Ewell after the papal legate Pandulph asked members of the Knights Templar to arrange the meeting. Temple Ewell was a Templar preceptory located near Dover. [4]

1216
Jun (to Oct)
Prince Louis advances across England

Prince Louis advanced on Winchester and captured the city and its castle. Elsewhere, Windsor Castle and Dover Castle were besieged by the rebel barons. Both castles were defended and held out against the sieges. King John used Corfe Castle in the south-west as his base of operations while he planned his campaign against the rebel barons and Prince Louis.

1255
Oct
Edward and Eleanor return to England

After the marriage at a Cistercian convent in Castile, Edward and Eleanor returned via Dover to England. Eleanor lived initially at Windsor Castle.

1263
Jun
Simon's forces do much damage

Moving firstly westward from the stronghold of one of Henry's supporters to another, Simon de Montfort's forces did much damage, even though Simon had ordered that no sacred place should be attacked. Simon then moved towards the south east coast ports to secure them. By the end of June he had reached Dover, its inhabitants welcoming him. [5]

1274
Aug 2
Edward arrives home

Edward (I) landed at Dover to be crowned king. (Why did it take him so long to return home after the death of his father?)

1338
Oct
French attacks continue on the south coast

Towns at Dover, Folkestone, Harwich, Hastings, Portsmouth, Rye, and the Isle of Wight were attacked and many merchant ships were destroyed. The attackers even sailed into Portsmouth harbour pretending to be English by raising English flags and sacked the town.

1339
Jul
French attack Dover

A French fleet attacked Dover, Folkestone and Sandwich but they were driven back to France. Boulogne was attacked in revenge. [6]

1382
May 21
Earthquake

An earthquake occurred somewhere in the Straits of Dover and was felt in southern England and in the Low Countries across the North Sea. The event happened during a meeting to condem the works of John Wycliffe.

1409
...
Prince Henry Constable of Dover

Prince Henry was given the title of Constable of Dover. [7]

1422
Nov 11
Henry's body returned to London

The lead coffin containing the body of King Henry V travelled to Calais and across the Channel to Dover. It passed through Canterbury and Rochester and arrived in London for burial in Westminster Abbey. The body was buried within the shrine of Edward the Confessor. [7]

1432
Feb 9
Henry VI returns home

King Henry VI landed at Dover. [8]

1493
...
Henry becomes Constable of Dover Castle

Prince Henry, the future King of England, received his first official title before he was 2 years old. It was the Constable of Dover Castle.

1544
Jul
Siege of Boulogne

After sending an army of some 30,000 men to France, King Henry sailed to Calais from Dover and proceeded to besiege Boulogne. The siege lasted until the middle of September when the town surrendered. [9]

1557
Jul 7
Philip leaves England

With the help of Mary, Philip now had extra support for his war with France and he departed England from Dover. This would be the last time they would see each other.

1642
Aug 21
Dover Castle captured

Parliamentarian forces attacked any Royalist strongholds they could find in Kent including the castle at Dover. The castle was captured and was placed under the control of Parliament. [10]

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Selection of references used:

  • 1: Geoffrey Hindley, The Book of Magna carta
  • 2: Clarence Ellis, Hubert de Burgh, 1952, Phoenix House Ltd, London (1952)
  • 3: Maurice Ashley, The Life and Times of King John
  • 4: Rev. H. W. Phillott, Dioresan Histories Hereford, 1888
  • 5: Elizabeth Luckock and Caroline Gundy, Simon de Montfort, 1969, ISBN:08-008236-6, A. Wheaton & Co (1969), Erdington Library
  • 6: Hubert Cole, The Black Prince, 1976, ISBN:0-246-10778-2, Granada Publishing Limited (1976), Own copy
  • 7: The Rev. A. J. Church, Henry the Fifth
  • 8: John Mescal, Obl.O.S.B., M.A., LL.B., F.R.S.A, Henry VI
  • 9: George Lillie Craik, The Pictorial History of England Volume VI, 1841
  • 10: S.R. Gardiner, History of the Civil War - Volume One, 1991, ISBN:0-9000075-10-4, The Windrush Press (1991), Own Copy

    See Also

    Places

    • Dover Castle
    • Temple Ewell
    • A .. Z List of Medieval Buildings

    A Medieval Mystery

    There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.

    1: Location

    Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.

    2: Alignment

    Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.

    3: Size

    Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?

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