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  1. Home
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  3. Kings and Queens of England
Rulers
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Kings and Queens of England (866 .. 1649)

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Early Middle Ages (866 - 1013)

(Later) Rulers of Mercia :  For earlier rulers of Mercia, see Rulers of Mercia

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
883 Athelred II of Mercia - 911 At the time of Athelred of Mercia's reign, Alfred of Wessex was his over-lord, and was married to Alfred's daughter, Aethelflaed (Lady of Mercians).
911

Aethelflaed, Lady of Mercians - 912 Aethelflaed was the daughter of Alfred the Great and married Athelred II of Mercia. After his death she ruled Mercia in her own right.
Later Rulers of Mercia
Name:
Athelred II of Mercia
Reign:
883 to 911
At the time of Athelred of Mercia's reign, Alfred of Wessex was his over-lord, and was married to Alfred's daughter, Aethelflaed (Lady of Mercians).
Name:
Aethelflaed, Lady of Mercians
912
Aethelflaed was the daughter of Alfred the Great and married Athelred II of Mercia. After his death she ruled Mercia in her own right.

(Later) Kings of Wessex :  For earlier rulers of Wessex, see Rulers of Wessex

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
866

Aethelred I King of Wessex - 871 During the reign of Aethelred a large number of Danes know as the Great Army landed in Britain and took control of East Anglia.
871 Alfred the Great Brother 899 Alfred won a battle defeating the Danes at Edington.
899

Edward the Elder Son 924 The reign of Edward was dominated by a disputed succession and dealings with the Danes.
Kings of Wessex
Name:
Aethelred I King of Wessex
Reign:
866 to 871
During the reign of Aethelred a large number of Danes know as the Great Army landed in Britain and took control of East Anglia.
Name:
Alfred the Great
Reign:
871 to 899
Alfred won a battle defeating the Danes at Edington.
Name:
Edward the Elder
Reign:
899 to 924
The reign of Edward was dominated by a disputed succession and dealings with the Danes.

Saxon and Danish Kings

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
924

Athelstan Son 939 Athelstan is considered to be the first King of England.
939 Oct Edmund I Brother 946 May 26 Northumbria, the Midlands and Strathclyde were reconqued by Edmund before his murder by the exiled thief Leofa.
946 May Eadred Brother 955 Nov 23 Eadred is noted for taking back Northumbria after it was overrun by Vikings led by Eric Bloodaxe. Eadred died young from a digestive illness.
955 Nov Eadwig Nephew 959 Control of England was split between Eadwig who ruled south of the Thames and his younger brother Edgar who ruled in the north. Archbishop Dunstan was exiled.
959 Oct

Edgar I Brother 975 Edgar united the kingdom when he became King of England. He invited Archbishop Dunstan back from exile.
975 July

Edward 'The Martyr' Son 978 Edward was Edgar's eldest son but not the chosen heir. This led to civil war and Edward's murder only three years into his reign.
978 Mar

Aethelred II 'The Unready' Step-brother 1013 Viking invasions increased in number during Aethelred's reign and the King agreed to pay money to prevent more. Aethelred had many Danes murdered in England on St. Brice's Day.
Saxon and Danish Kings
Name:
Athelstan
Reign:
924 to 939
Athelstan is considered to be the first King of England.
Name:
Edmund I
Reign:
939 Oct to 946 May 26
Northumbria, the Midlands and Strathclyde were reconqued by Edmund before his murder by the exiled thief Leofa.
Name:
Eadred
Reign:
946 May to 955 November 23
Eadred is noted for taking back Northumbria after it was overrun by Vikings led by Eric Bloodaxe. Eadred died young from a digestive illness.
Name:
Eadwig
Reign:
955 Nov to 959
Control of England was split between Eadwig who ruled south of the Thames and his younger brother Edgar who ruled in the north. Archbishop Dunstan was exiled.
Name:
Edgar I
Reign:
959 Oct to 975
Edgar united the kingdom when he became King of England. He invited Archbishop Dunstan back from exile.
Name:
Edward 'The Martyr'
Reign:
975 Jul to 978
Edward was Edgar's eldest son but not the chosen heir. This led to civil war and Edward's murder only three years into his reign.
Name:
Aethelred II 'The Unready'
Reign:
978 Mar to 1013
Viking invasions increased in number during Aethelred's reign and the King agreed to pay money to prevent more. Aethelred had many Danes murdered in England on St. Brice's Day.
Name:
Swein (Sweyn) 'Fork-Beard'
Reign:
1013 Dec to 1014
In revenge for the St. Brice's Day massacre Sweyn invaded England and took the thone.
Name:
Aethelred II 'The Unready'
Reign:
1014 Mar to 1016
Aethelred was restored to the English throne after the death of Swein.
Name:
Edmund II 'Ironside'
Reign:
1016 Apr to 1016 Nov
Famed for his fighting skills Edmund defended the country against Cnut's invasion. It was agreed to divide the country in two.
Name:
Cnut (Canute)
Reign:
1016 Nov to 1035
Cnut from Denmark invaded England and shared its rule with Edmund Ironside. When Edmund died Cnut became King of the whole of England.
Name:
Harold I 'Harefoot'
Reign:
1035 to 1040
Harold ruled mainly as regent as his elder brother Hathacnut was occupied in Denmark. Harold gained support from the earls and was crowned in 1037.
Name:
Harthacnut
Reign:
1040 Jun to 1042
Both King of Denmark and King of England. Disputed succession with his brother Magnus prevented Harthacnut claiming the English throne until 1040.
Name:
Edward 'The Confessor'
Reign:
1042 Jun to 1066
As half-brother of Harthacnut, Edward had a better claim to the English throne than other members of the family and was chosen by the English to become King.
Name:
Harold II 'Godwinson'
Reign:
1066 January 23 to 1066 Oct
Harold was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England and was killed by William, Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings.
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High Middle Ages (1013 - 1307)

Saxon and Danish Kings

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1013 Dec

Fantasy image of HAROLD (II, Godwinson, King of England 1066)

Sweyn (Swein) 'Fork-Beard' - 1014 In revenge for the St. Brice's Day massacre Sweyn invaded England and took the thone.
1014 Mar

Aethelred 'The Unready' - 1016 Aethelred was restored to the English throne after the death of Sweyn.
1016 Apr

Edmund II 'Ironside' (Son of Aethelred II) Famed for his fighting skills Edmund defended the country against Cnut's invasion. It was agreed to divide the country in two.
1016 Nov

Cnut (Canute) (Son of Swein) 1035 Cnut from Denmark invaded England and shared its rule with Edmund Ironside. When Edmund died Cnut became King of the whole of England.
1035

Harold I 'Harefoot' Son 1040 Harold ruled mainly as regent as his elder brother Hathacnut was occupied in Denmark. Harold gained support from the earls and was crowned in 1037.
1040 Jun

Harthacnut Step-brother 1042 Both King of Denmark and King of England. Disputed succession with his brother Magnus prevented Harthacnut claiming the English throne until 1040.
1042 Jun

Edward 'The Confessor' (Son of Aethelred II) 1066 As half-brother of Harthacnut, Edward had a better claim to the English throne than other members of the family and was chosen by the English to become King.
1066 Jan 23

Fantasy image of HAROLD (II, Godwinson, King of England 1066)

Harold II 'Godwinson' - Harold was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England and was killed by William, Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings.

The Norman Kings

William I also known as William the Conqueror became King of England by conquest. From his marriage to Matilda of Flanders he had several sons. Robert, the eldest, inherited the dukedom of Normandy from his father, while Richard, the second son, died. The third son William became King of England and is known as William Rufus. When William was killed during a hunting trip the crown went to Henry the fourth son. Henry secured his claim by capturing his elder brother, Robert, and marrying Matilda of Scotland who was descended from Alfred the Great. When Henry died his nephew Stephen, the grandson of William the Conqueror, siezed the throne. Stephen married Matilda of Boulogne who was again descended from the old English Kings. The daughter of King Henry, Empress Matilda, claimed the English throne and after several years of conflict it was agreed that her son Henry would become king when Stephen died.

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From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1066 Dec 25 William I 'The Conqueror' - 1087 1066 saw several invasions of England ending with the invasion by William, Duke of Normandy who became King of England.
1087 Sept 26

William II 'Rufus' Son 1100 The eldest son of William the Conqueror. William Rufus died in suspicious circumstances and without an hier.
1100 Aug 5 Henry I Brother 1135 Another son of William I. Henry had to contend with his elder brother in Normandy. Henry's eldest son died in a tragedy at sea leaving his daughter Matilda as heir to the English throne.
1135 Dec 22

Stephen of Blois Nephew 1154 The nephew of Henry I. The barons chose Stephen over Matilda, Henry's daughter. This started a civil war in England known as the Anarchy.
1141 Apr

(Matilda) Cousin 1141 Nov The daughter of Henry I. Matilda was not crowned.
The Norman Kings
Name:
William I 'The Conqueror'
Reign:
1066 December 25 to 1087
1066 saw several invasions of England ending with the invasion by William, Duke of Normandy who became King of England.
Name:
William II 'Rufus'
Reign:
1087 September 26 to 1100
 
Name:
Henry I
Reign:
1100 August 5 to 1135
 
Name:
Stephen of Blois
Reign:
1135 December 22 to 1154
 
Name:
Matilda
Reign:
1141 Apr to 1141 Nov
Matilda was not crowned

The Angevin (Plantagenet) Kings

Henry II, the grandson of William the Conqueror, became king of England. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the divorced wife of King Louis of France. The English throne went to their two sons, first to Richard the Lionheart who married Berengaria of Navarre but died without a legitimate heir, and then to John who married firstly Isabella of Gloucester and secondly Isabella of Angouleme. When John died his son Henry became King of England as Henry III. Henry married Eleanor of Provance and their son was proclaimed King as Edward I. Edward married Eleanor of Castile. It was their fourth son, Edward II, who next succeeded to the throne.

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From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1154 Dec 19 Henry II (Son of Matilda) 1189 Became king of England after the death of King Stephen. Took control back from the rebel barons but had conflicts with his sons.
1189 Sept 3 Richard I 'The Lionheart' Son 1199 Spent more time abroard and in the Holy Land than in England.
1199 May 27 John Brother 1216 Another son of Henry II. Had conflicts with the Pope and his barons. Signed the Magna Carta that attempted to limit his power.
1216 Oct 28

Henry III Son 1272 During his reign many cathedrals and castles were rebuilt and improved. This rebuilding work cost money and Henry's lack of control on spending was to be the biggest problem of his reign, resulting in conflicts with the barons.
1272 Nov 20 Edward I Son 1307 Known as Longshanks or Hammer of the Scots. Had to deal with revolts in Wales and invasions from Scotland.
The Angevin (Plantagenet) Kings
Name:
Henry II
Reign:
1154 December 19 to 1189
Name:
Richard I 'The Lionheart'
Reign:
1189 September 3 to 1199
Name:
John
Reign:
1199 May 27 to 1216
Name:
Henry III
Reign:
1216 October 28 to 1272
Name:
Edward I
Reign:
1272 November 20 to 1307

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Late Middle Ages (1307 - 1485)

Edward II married Isabella of France who deposed him and put their son Edward III on the throne. Edward married Philippa of Hainault and it was their grandson, Richard II, the son of the Black Prince, who next became King. Richard had two wives, Anne of Bohemia and Isabella of Valois before he was deposed and murdered.

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1307 Jul 8 Edward II Son 1327 A poor king whose favourite Gaveston and French 'she-wolf' wife would be his downfall.
1327 Jan 25 Edward III Son 1377 Edward restored the confidence of the English nation but started the Hundred Years War with France.
1377 Jun 23 Richard II Grandson 1399 Although Richard stopped the Peasants Revolt, his misuse of funds and poor advice led to revolts and finally his abdication and murder.
The Angevin (Plantagenet) Kings
Name:
Edward II
Reign:
1307 July 8 to 1327
Name:
Edward II
Reign:
1327 January 25 to 1377
Name:
Richard II
Reign:
1377 June 23 to 1399

The Lancastrian and Yorkist Kings

Henry IV was the first king in the House of Lancaster. He was the grandson of Edward III and Queen Philippa. Henry seized the English throne from Richard II. Henry married twice, first to Mary Bohun and second to Joanna of Navarre. When Henry died, the son of his first wife also called Henry became king as Henry V. Henry V tried to marry the widow of Richard II but in the end married her sister Catherine of France. When Henry V died Catherine claimed the throne for her son Henry VI. The reign of Henry VI and his wife Margaret of Anjou was unstable and when their son died at the Battle of Tewkesbury the House of Lancaster ended.

The House of York began with Edward IV who was descended twice from Edward III. Firstly from Edmund of York, the fifth son of Edward III, and secondly Lionel, Edward III's third son. Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville and their two young sons mysteriously disappeared from the Tower of London. The prime suspect for their deaths was Edward's brother Richard who became king as Richard III and married Anne Neville. After a short reign Richard III was killed in battle and was succeeded by another descendent of Edward III. This ended the House of York.

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1399 Sept 30 Henry IV Cousin 1413 Henry had to contend with revolts in Wales and in the North of England, but in the end died of a mystery skin condition.
1413 Mar 13 Henry V Son 1422 Much of Henry's reign was focused on invading France where he won the famous Battle of Agincourt.
1422 Sept 1 Henry VI Son 1461 Henry suffered from a mental illness that for periods left him unable to rule. The Yorkists took advantage of this weakness in the Wars of the Roses.
1461 Mar 4 Edward IV - 1470 The first Yorkist king. Edward IV and Henry VI would battle for control of the English throne.
1470 Oct 3 Henry VI - 1471 (Henry VI restored) 
1471 Apr 11 Edward IV - 1483 (Edward IV restored) 
1483 (Apr 9) Edward V Son of (Edward IV) A Prince in the Tower. Edward and his brother would mysteriously disappear.
1483 Jun 26 Richard III Uncle 1485 The last Yorkist king and was defeated at the Battle of Boswoth by Henry VII.
Lancastrian & Yorkist Kings
Name:
Henry IV
Reign:
1399 September 30 to 1413
Name:
Henry V
Reign:
1413 March 13 to 1422
Name:
Henry VI
Reign:
1422 September 1 to 1461
Name:
Edward IV
Reign:
1461 March 4 to 1470
Name:
Henry VI
Reign:
1470 October 3 to 1471
(Henry VI restored)
Name:
Edward IV
Reign:
1471 April 11 to 1483
(Edward IV restored)
Name:
Edward V
Reign:
1483 (Apr 9) to 1483
A Prince in the Tower
Name:
Richard III
Reign:
1483 June 26 to 1485

Early Modern Period (1485 - )

The Tudor Kings and Queens

Henry VII, descended from John of Gaunt, the fourth son of Edward III was the first king of the House of Tudor. The name coming from his grandfather Owen Tudor who married Catherine of Valois. He cemented his claim to the English throne by marrying Elizabeth of York, the elder sister of the princes who disappeared from the Tower of London. Their son, Henry VIII then became king, to be followed by Edward VI, the son of Jane Seymour, Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, the child of Anne Boleyn. Lady Jane Grey reigned for just nine days between Edward and Mary.

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1485 Aug 22 Henry VII - 1509
1509 Apr 22 Henry VIII Son 1547
1547 Jan 22 Edward VI Son 1553
1553 Jul 10

Lady Jane Grey First cousin once removed 1553 July 19 The 'Nine-Day Queen'. Jane was nominated by Edward VI to be queen but she was never crowned.
1553 Jul 19 Mary I, 'Bloody Mary' (Sister of Edward VI) 1558 Nov 17
1558 Nov 17 Elizabeth I Sister 1603 Mar 24
The Tudor Kings and Queens
Name:
Henry VII
Reign:
1485 August 22 to 1509
 
Name:
Henry VIII
Reign:
1509 April 22 to 1547
 
Name:
Edward VI
Reign:
1509 April 22 to 1547
 
Name:
Lady Jane Grey
Reign:
1553 July 10 - July 19
The 'Nine-Day Queen'. Jane was nominated by Edward VI to be queen but she was never crowned.
Name:
Mary I, 'Bloody Mary'
Reign:
1553 July 10 to 1558 November 17/a>
 
Name:
Elizabeth I
Reign:
1558 November 17 to 1603 March 24
 

The Stuart Kings and Queens

Just before Queen Elizabeth I died she nominated James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart, to succeed her and become King James I, the first King of Great Britain. James was the great-grandson of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He married Anne of Denmark and their son, Charles, became king Charles I and married Henrietta Maria of France. After the execution of Charles came the Commonwealth when the country was run by Parliament. Charles II, the son of Charles I, returned from exile and became the next king. He married Catherine of Breganza.

From
Date
Ruler Relationship to Predecessor To
Date
Comments
1603 Mar 24 James I (James VI of Scotland) First cousin, twice removed 1625 March 27
1625 Mar 27 Charles I Son 1649 Jan 30
1660 Charles II Son 1685
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The Stuart Kings and Queens
Name:
James I (James VI of Scotland)
Reign:
1603 March 24 to 1625 March 27
 
Name:
Charles I
Reign:
1625 March 27 to 1649 January 30
 
Name:
Charles II
Reign:
1660 to 1685
 
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